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Arakawa, Masahiko*; Yasui, Minami
Physics and Chemistry of Ice 2010, p.339 - 344, 2011/05
We conducted impact experiments of water ice and measured a post shock temperature of impact crater using an infrared video camera. The surface temperature in a crater showed a peak temperature just after the impact then it cooled down gradually with time. The decay time of maximum temperature might depend on a scale of heated volume in a crater, so we estimated the ratio of thermal energy to projectile kinetic energy. As a result, we found that up to 10% of the projectile kinetic energy was partitioned into the post shock heating of the impact crater.
Shimaki, Yuri*; Arakawa, Masahiko*; Yasui, Minami
Physics and Chemistry of Ice 2010, p.379 - 386, 2011/05
Impact disruption of sintered snowballs was studied to clarify the effect of sintering on impact strength and fragment velocity. Ice and snow projectiles were impacted on sintered snowballs with a porosity of 40%. The sintering duration of snow was changed from 1 hour to 1 month, and the effect of sintering on impact strength and static strength were examined. As a result, it was found that both impact strength and static strength of snow have a power law relationship to a sintering duration with a power law index of about 0.2.
Yasui, Minami; Arakawa, Masahiko*
Physics and Chemistry of Ice 2010, p.387 - 395, 2011/05
We did deformation experiments on ice-silica mixtures to study their flow laws. We found that the mixture became softer as porosity or silica mass content increased. A power law index 
and an activation energy 
were found to depend only on silica mass content.
Fukazawa, Hiroshi; Arakawa, Masashi*; Kagi, Hiroyuki; Yamauchi, Hiroki; Chakoumakos, B. C.*; Fernandez-Baca, J. A.*
Physics and Chemistry of Ice 2010, p.421 - 428, 2011/03
Whether or not ice in the universe exists as ferroelectric is a question that has attracted interest in astrophysics and physical chemistry, because long-range electrostatic forces, caused by the ferroelectricity, might be an important factor for materials evolution and hydrogen bonding. From neutron diffraction and scattering measurements, we have studied ice with impurities, such as potassium, sodium and lithium, that acted as a catalyst. Time-resolved diffraction experiments show that ferroelectric ice XI with hydrogen-ordered arrangement nucleates and grows with time for about 5 days. We found that the doped ice that has once been converted to ice XI is a stronger ferroelectric ice than that has never been converted. We also show the existence of the ferroelectric ice under high-pressure and its formation from compressed amorphous ice.
Arakawa, Masashi*; Kagi, Hiroyuki; Fernandez-Baca, J. A.*; Chakoumakos, B. C.*; Fukazawa, Hiroshi
Physics and Chemistry of Ice 2010, p.329 - 338, 2011/03
We measured neutron diffraction profiles of KOD, NaOD, LiOD, Ca(OD)
, and ND
-doped ices. Ice XI, which is a hydrogen-ordered phase of normal ice (ice Ih), was observed in the KOD and NaOD-doped ices although Ca(OD) and ND-doped ice did not transformed to ice XI. The mass fraction of ice XI to that of the doped ice (
) was estimated using Rietveld analysis for each doped ice. The value of the doped ice, which had once experienced being ice XI, was larger than that of the doped ice, which had never experienced being ice XI. The large value of the doped ice indicates that small hydrogen-ordered domains remained above the transition temperature between ice XI and Ih. Our results suggest that large amounts of ice on icy bodies in our solar system can transform to ice XI. In this paper, we discussed the existence of the small hydrogen-ordered domains in space and the evolution of icy grain.